As I have said elsewhere 1 Descartes' philosophy, moreover, led to dualism — to an unbridgeable gulf between mind and matter, between Nature and Spirit, between the finite and the Infinite. Swedenborg saw this, as Leibnitz did fifty years earlier. Leibnitz derived all matter from infinitely minute points or enamels, each of which mirrored a phase of the universe, of the mind of God, between whom and the sum of created monads, which. Made up nature, Leibnitz held there existed a pre-establish'ed harmony.