It IS interesting to note that 111 previous campaigns the side which has been fully prepared for war has almost invariably gained a rapid and complete success over its less well prepared opponent. In 1866 and 1870, Austria, and then France, were overwhelmed at the outset by means of superior preparation. The initial advantages derived therefrom were followed up by such vigorous and ruthless action, regardless of loss, that there was no time to 1ecover from the first stunning blows. The German plan of campaign in the present war was undoubtedly based on similar principles. The margin by which the German onrush in 1914 was stemmed was so narrow and the sub sequent struggle so severe that the word' 'miraculous is hardly too strong a term to describe the recovery and ultimate victory of the Allies. A further cause adversely in?uencing the duration of the war on the western front dur mg its later stages, and one follow mg indirectly from that just stated, was the situation in other theaters. The mili tary strength of Russia broke down in 1917 at a critical period, when, had she been able to carry out her military engagements, the war might have been shortened by a year. At a later date, the military situation in Italy in the autumn of 1917 necessitated the transfer of five British divisions from France to Italy, at a time when their pr esence in France might have had far — reaching effects.