Pierre Cella, Guillem Arnaud, Arnaud Catala, Ferrer the Catalan, Pons de saint-gilles, Pons de l'esparre, and Bernard de Caux, beard ed prince and prelate, were as ready to endure as merciless to in?ict, were veritable Maccabees in the internecine strife with heresy, and yet were kind and pitiful to the miserable and over?owing with tears in their prayers and discourses. They were the culminating development of the in?uences which produced the Church Militant of the Middle Ages, and in their hands the Inquisition was the most effective instrument whereby it maintained its supremacy. A secondary result was the complete subjugation of the South to the King of Paris, and its unification with the rest Of France. If the faithful had imagined that the Treaty of 1229 had end ed the contest with heresy they were quickly undeceived. The blood-money for the capture of heretics, promised by Count Ray mond, was indeed paid when earned, for the Inquisition undertook to see that this was done, but the earning of it was dangerous. Nobles and burghers alike protected and defended the proscribed class, and those who hunted them were Slain without mercy when occasion offered. The heretics continued as numerous as ever, and we have already seen the fruitless efforts put forth by the Cardinal Legate Romano and the Council of Toulouse. Even the university which Raymond bound himself to establish in Toulouse for the propagation Of the faith, though it subsequently performed its work, was at first a failure. Learned theologians were brought from Paris to fill its chairs, but their scholastic Subtleties were laughed at by the mocking Southrons as absurd novelties, and the heretics were bold enough to contend with them in debate. After a few years Raymond neglected to continue the stipends, and for a time the universitv was suspended.