World War. Alike with regard to the ethnological and to the sociological question, they were substantially set forth by the author in four works written or published before 1900, at a time when he had small expectation of such a war, but was much concerned to combat the forces which can now be seen to have made for it. Formed originally in no spirit of national antag onism, they cannot now be reasonably charged with cultivating that spirit. They were shaped, and are now restated, in the spirit of social science.