These two Essays appeared, along with a number of others bearing upon cognate historical and legal topics, in two volumes entitled Studies in History and Juris prudence which I published some years ago. As it is now thought that they may have an interest for some readers, and especially for students of Indian history, who may not care to procure those volumes, they are now issued separately. Both Essays have been revised throughout and brought up to date by the insertion of the figures of the latest census of India and by references to recent legislation. They do not, however, touch upon any questions of cur rent Indian or English politics, for a discussion of these must needs involve matter of a controversial nature and might distract the reader's attention from those broad conclusions upon which historical students and impartial observers of India as it stands to-day are pretty gener ally agreed. It is a pleasure to me to acknowledge and express my gratitude for the help which I have received in the work of revision from one of my oldest and most valued friends, Sir Courtenay Ilbert, formerly Legal Member of the Viceroy's Council in India and now Clerk of the House of Commons.