IN undertaking to deliver a course of lectures, which may be called Studies in the Civil Law, and its Rela tions to the Law of England and America, it should be stated at once that the purpose is to make these essays, so far as possible, of some practical use, in the way of suggestion, at least, in Comparative Jurisprudence. We are not here as mere antiquaries; much less, let us hope, as impracticable pedants who live only in the past. 1 Your purpose is to study law both as a science and as an art: as a science, that you may know its doctrine; as an art, that you may correctly and successfully apply that doctrine in the enforcement of the rights of your clients. Professor Ortolan, of the Faculty of Law of Paris, closes his lectures on the History of Roman Legisla tion with these words addressed to his students.