The ubiquitous mechanism accelerating cosmic rays at all the energies. E-book. Formato PDF Antonio Codino   -  Società Editrice Esculapio, 2021  - 

The mechanism accelerating Cosmic rays in the milky way galaxy and galaxy clusters is identified and described. The acceleration of Cosmic rays is a purely electrostatic process which operate up to the maximum energies of 1023 ev in galaxy clusters. Galactic Cosmic rays are accelerated in a pervasive electrostatic field active in the whole galaxy except in restricted regions shielded by Interstellar and stellar plasma as, for instance, the region occupied by the Solar system. It is proved that the Energy spectrum of the Cosmic radiation in the milky way galaxy, in the region where the Solar system resides, has a constant Spectral index comprised between 2.64-2.68 and the maximum energies of galactic protons are 3.0 × 1019 ev. The agreement of these results with the experimental data is discussed in detail and highlighted. The various physical processes that maintain the stability of the electrostatic structure in the milky way galaxy are the same that generate the galactic magnetic field. Accordingly, the intensity, orientation and direction of the galactic magnetic field are evaluated. The results of the calculation are compared with the observation data, optical and mostly radio astronomi data. The accord of the intensity, orientation and direction of the observed magnetic field with calculation is excellent.

How electrostatic fields generated by cosmic rays cause the expansion of the nearby universe. E-book. Formato PDF Antonio Codino   -  Società Editrice Esculapio, 2022  - 

The positive electric charge transported by the cosmic radiation while migrating from the interiors of galaxy clusters toward the outer intergalactic space, slowly but inevitably, uncovers a negative electric charge of the same amount inside galaxy clusters, where it is mostly retained. Electrons constitute the negative electric charge inside galaxy clusters. The negative charge and the positive one of the overflowed cosmic nuclei in the intergalactic space cannot be neutralized due to the separating, huge distances. After time intervals of a few billion years, electrostatic repulsion among galaxy clusters initiates to contrast gravity and, at longer time spans, dominates.  The electrostatic repulsion among galaxy clusters, which always store negative electric charges, determines in a few billion years, a general receding motion of cosmic matter, including smaller celestial bodies dragged in by galaxy clusters. It will be proved that the general receding motion of cosmic matter occurs with increasing velocities of galaxy clusters as far as the corresponding distances from the Earth augment.

Progress and Prejudice in Cosmic Ray Physics until 2006. E-book. Formato PDF Antonio Codino   -  Società Editrice Esculapio, 2020  - 

The cosmic radiation is a rain of atomic nuclei and electrons which continuously cross any region of the Milky Way Galaxy, and in particular, the Earth surface. The energies of the cosmic particles range from those of the quiescent matter up to the maximum energies observed in Nature, which presently are about ten thousand times higher than those produced in terrestrial laboratories by the most powerful particle accelerators. In the last years, following the measurements of some experiments, almost all the fundamental ideas and theories on the cosmic radiation recurrent in the literature have been proved to be inadequate to describe the experimental data. This booklet reports a survey of some new ideas and calculations to account for the observed characteristic features of the cosmic radiation along with a critical examination of the experimental data which prompted a scientific revolution in Cosmic Ray Physics.