The Samkhya System: A History of the Samkhya Philosophy. E-book. Formato PDF Arthur Berriedale Keith   -  Forgotten Books, 2017  - 

On the other hand, it is impossible to find in the Upanisads any real basis for the Samkhya system. The Upanisadsf are essentially devoted to the discovery of an absolute, and,diverse as are the forms which the absolute may take, they do not abandon the search, nor do they allow that no such absolute exists. There are, however, elements here and there which mark the growth of ideas which later were thrown into systematic form in the Samkhya, but it is impossible to see in these fragmentary hints any indication that the Samkhya philosophy was then in process of formation. It is, of course, possible, as a matter of abstract argument, to insist that the elements in the Upanisads which suggest the later Samkhya views are really borrowings by the Upanisads of doctrines already extant in a Samkhya system, but, in the absense of the slightest evidence for the existence of such a system in the Vedic literature, it is methodologically unsound to take this hypothesis as possessing any value, in face of the natural conclusion that we have in the Upanisads scattered hints which were later amalgamated into one system. Just like the Vedanta of Samkara, or the Vedanta of Badarayana, the Samkhya is a system built on the Upanisads: from both of these it differs in that it goes radically and essentially beyond the teaching of the Upanisads.

Indian Logic and Atomism: An Exposition of the Nyaya and Vaiçe?ika Systems. E-book. Formato PDF Arthur Berriedale Keith   -  Forgotten Books, 2017  - 

Considerations of space have rendered it necessary to omit all mere philological discussion and all treatment of points of minor philosophic interest. On the same ground no effort has been made to trace the vicissitudes of either system in China or Japan, or to deal with either Buddhist or Jain logic save where they come into im mediate contact with the doctrines of the Nyaya and Vaicesika.

The Karma-Mimamsa. E-book. Formato PDF Arthur Berriedale Keith   -  Forgotten Books, 2017  - 

Not rarely in the Brahmanas, especially in later texts like the Kaus'itaki, the term Mimar'nsa occurs as the designation of a discussion on some point of ritual practise. The sacrifice left innumerable opportunities for divergence of usage in detail, and the texts decide in favour of one or the other alternative, on the strength of the reasons familiar to the Brahmanas, in special the symbolical significance attaching to the action recommended. There is a vital difference between this form of Mimamsa and that of the classical karma-mimamsa school, in the fact that in the former the appeal to authority, and the necessity of reconciling apparent discrepancies of authority, are entirely lacking. But the tendency to surrender judgment in favour of tradition may be traced in the care with which in the Satopatha and the Kausitaki Brdhmanas the name of the teacher is adduced in support of the doctrines expounded; in the older style the reasonings stand by themselves, commended by their intrinsic value.